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Tuesday, July 30, 2013
The Story Behind Ten Tiny Libraries That Popped Up in NYC This Summer
This summer, ten small libraries mysteriously appeared throughout New York City's Lower East Side and East Village. But who paid for them? Who designed them? And what was the point? In a short film published today, the creators finally answer our many questions about how the Little Free Library came to be.
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Be happy: Your genes may thank you for it
![[ Back to EurekAlert! ]](http://www.eurekalert.org/images/back2e.gif){kind=small}
Public release date: 29-Jul-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Mark Wheeler
mwheeler@mednet.ucla.edu
310-794-2265
University of California - Los Angeles
But different types of happiness have different effects, UCLA study shows
A good state of mind that is, your happiness affects your genes, scientists say. In the first study of its kind, researchers from UCLA's Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and the University of North Carolina examined how positive psychology impacts human gene expression.
What they found is that different types of happiness have surprisingly different effects on the human genome.
People who have high levels of what is known as eudaimonic well-being the kind of happiness that comes from having a deep sense of purpose and meaning in life (think Mother Teresa) showed very favorable gene-expression profiles in their immune cells. They had low levels of inflammatory gene expression and strong expression of antiviral and antibody genes.
However, people who had relatively high levels of hedonic well-being the type of happiness that comes from consummatory self-gratification (think most celebrities) actually showed just the opposite. They had an adverse expression profile involving high inflammation and low antiviral and antibody gene expression.
The report appears in the current online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
For the last 10 years, Steven Cole, a UCLA professor of medicine and a member of the UCLA Cousins Center, and his colleagues, including first author Barbara L. Fredrickson at the University of North Carolina, have been examining how the human genome responds to stress, misery, fear and all kinds of negative psychology.
In this study, though, the researchers asked how the human genome might respond to positive psychology. Is it just the opposite of stress and misery, or does positive well-being activate a different kind of gene expression program?
The researchers examined the biological implications of both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being through the lens of the human genome, a system of some 21,000 genes that has evolved fundamentally to help humans survive and be well.
Previous studies had found that circulating immune cells show a systematic shift in baseline gene-expression profiles during extended periods of stress, threat or uncertainty. Known as conserved transcriptional response to adversity, or CTRA, this shift is characterized by an increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and a decreased expression of genes involved in antiviral responses.
This response, Cole noted, likely evolved to help the immune system counter the changing patterns of microbial threat that were ancestrally associated with changing socio-environmental conditions; these threats included bacterial infection from wounds caused by social conflict and an increased risk of viral infection associated with social contact.
"But in contemporary society and our very different environment, chronic activation by social or symbolic threats can promote inflammation and cause cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases and can impair resistance to viral infections," said Cole, the senior author of the research.
In the present study, the researchers drew blood samples from 80 healthy adults who were assessed for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, as well as potentially confounding negative psychological and behavioral factors. The team used the CTRA gene-expression profile to map the potentially distinct biological effects of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.
And while those with eudaimonic well-being showed favorable gene-expression profiles in their immune cells and those with hedonic well-being showed an adverse gene-expression profile, "people with high levels of hedonic well-being didn't feel any worse than those with high levels of eudaimonic well-being," Cole said. "Both seemed to have the same high levels of positive emotion. However, their genomes were responding very differently even though their emotional states were similarly positive.
"What this study tells us is that doing good and feeling good have very different effects on the human genome, even though they generate similar levels of positive emotion," he said. "Apparently, the human genome is much more sensitive to different ways of achieving happiness than are conscious minds."
###
Other authors on the study included Jesusa M.G. Arevalo and Jeffrey Ma, both of UCLA, and Karen M. Grewen, Kimberly A. Coffey, Sara B. Algoe and Ann M. Firestine of the University of North Carolina.
The research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01NR012899, R01CA116778 and P30AG107265.
The UCLA Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology encompasses an interdisciplinary network of scientists working to advance the understanding of psychoneuroimmunology by linking basic and clinical research programs and by translating findings into clinical practice. The center is affiliated with the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
For more news, visit the UCLA Newsroom and follow us on Twitter.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Public release date: 29-Jul-2013[ | E-mail |
Share ] Contact: Mark Wheeler
mwheeler@mednet.ucla.edu
310-794-2265
University of California - Los Angeles
But different types of happiness have different effects, UCLA study shows
A good state of mind that is, your happiness affects your genes, scientists say. In the first study of its kind, researchers from UCLA's Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and the University of North Carolina examined how positive psychology impacts human gene expression.
What they found is that different types of happiness have surprisingly different effects on the human genome.
People who have high levels of what is known as eudaimonic well-being the kind of happiness that comes from having a deep sense of purpose and meaning in life (think Mother Teresa) showed very favorable gene-expression profiles in their immune cells. They had low levels of inflammatory gene expression and strong expression of antiviral and antibody genes.
However, people who had relatively high levels of hedonic well-being the type of happiness that comes from consummatory self-gratification (think most celebrities) actually showed just the opposite. They had an adverse expression profile involving high inflammation and low antiviral and antibody gene expression.
The report appears in the current online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
For the last 10 years, Steven Cole, a UCLA professor of medicine and a member of the UCLA Cousins Center, and his colleagues, including first author Barbara L. Fredrickson at the University of North Carolina, have been examining how the human genome responds to stress, misery, fear and all kinds of negative psychology.
In this study, though, the researchers asked how the human genome might respond to positive psychology. Is it just the opposite of stress and misery, or does positive well-being activate a different kind of gene expression program?
The researchers examined the biological implications of both hedonic and eudaimonic well-being through the lens of the human genome, a system of some 21,000 genes that has evolved fundamentally to help humans survive and be well.
Previous studies had found that circulating immune cells show a systematic shift in baseline gene-expression profiles during extended periods of stress, threat or uncertainty. Known as conserved transcriptional response to adversity, or CTRA, this shift is characterized by an increased expression of genes involved in inflammation and a decreased expression of genes involved in antiviral responses.
This response, Cole noted, likely evolved to help the immune system counter the changing patterns of microbial threat that were ancestrally associated with changing socio-environmental conditions; these threats included bacterial infection from wounds caused by social conflict and an increased risk of viral infection associated with social contact.
"But in contemporary society and our very different environment, chronic activation by social or symbolic threats can promote inflammation and cause cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases and can impair resistance to viral infections," said Cole, the senior author of the research.
In the present study, the researchers drew blood samples from 80 healthy adults who were assessed for hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, as well as potentially confounding negative psychological and behavioral factors. The team used the CTRA gene-expression profile to map the potentially distinct biological effects of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being.
And while those with eudaimonic well-being showed favorable gene-expression profiles in their immune cells and those with hedonic well-being showed an adverse gene-expression profile, "people with high levels of hedonic well-being didn't feel any worse than those with high levels of eudaimonic well-being," Cole said. "Both seemed to have the same high levels of positive emotion. However, their genomes were responding very differently even though their emotional states were similarly positive.
"What this study tells us is that doing good and feeling good have very different effects on the human genome, even though they generate similar levels of positive emotion," he said. "Apparently, the human genome is much more sensitive to different ways of achieving happiness than are conscious minds."
###
Other authors on the study included Jesusa M.G. Arevalo and Jeffrey Ma, both of UCLA, and Karen M. Grewen, Kimberly A. Coffey, Sara B. Algoe and Ann M. Firestine of the University of North Carolina.
The research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants R01NR012899, R01CA116778 and P30AG107265.
The UCLA Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology encompasses an interdisciplinary network of scientists working to advance the understanding of psychoneuroimmunology by linking basic and clinical research programs and by translating findings into clinical practice. The center is affiliated with the Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.
For more news, visit the UCLA Newsroom and follow us on Twitter.
[ | E-mail | Share ] ?
AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.
Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-07/uoc--bhy072913.php
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Asia Markets: Japan stocks stumble again, with earnings on deck
By V. Phani Kumar, MarketWatch
HONG KONG (MarketWatch) ? Most Asian stocks retreated Monday, with Japanese equities skidding as a firm yen further dragged on the nation?s exporters, while Chinese shares lost ground amid economic worries.
Japan?s Nikkei Stock Average /quotes/zigman/5986735 JP:NIK -2.26% ?fell 2.3% to 13,810.04, dropping below the 14,000-point level for the first time since July 4 and looking set for a fourth straight day of losses. The benchmark had retreated 3% on Friday.
A firm yen keeps Japanese stocks on track for a fourth straight day of losses.The day?s losses came ahead of a busy week of earnings, with Toyota Motor Corp. /quotes/zigman/199438 JP:7203 -3.09% /quotes/zigman/199376/quotes/nls/tm TM -2.40% ,?Honda Motor Co. /quotes/zigman/193651 JP:7267 -2.64% ? /quotes/zigman/193599/quotes/nls/hmc HMC -1.70% ,?Sony Corp. /quotes/zigman/197500 JP:6758 -3.47% /quotes/zigman/197524/quotes/nls/sne SNE -2.40% ?and Softbank Corp. /quotes/zigman/139194 JP:9984 -2.45% ? /quotes/zigman/139200/quotes/nls/sftbf SFTBF -2.36% due to announce their quarterly results and update their outlook.
?Net income is expected to surge as much at 75% for multinationals and 33% for domestic-facing firms, ... with Abenomics sending the yen into a 20% deflation spiral over the last 12 months,? said IG Markets strategist Evan Lucas, referring to the economic policies initiated by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe.
The U.S. dollar /quotes/zigman/4868099/sampled USDJPY -0.2434% ?has risen nearly 25% against the yen over the last 12 months, boosting Japanese exporters? global competitiveness and repatriated profits. The euro /quotes/zigman/4868097/sampled EURJPY -0.2551% has risen more than 34% against the Japanese currency over the last year.
On Monday, however, concerns over the U.S. dollar?s recent fall against the yen weighed on shares of companies with a large overseas exposure.
Shares of Toshiba Corp. /quotes/zigman/198925 JP:6502 -4.97% ? /quotes/zigman/529244/quotes/nls/tosyy TOSYY -3.26% ?gave up 5%, and Japan Tobacco Inc. /quotes/zigman/140130 JP:2914 -4.19% ? /quotes/zigman/140138/quotes/nls/japaf JAPAF -1.73% ?lost 4.2%, while JFE Holdings Inc. /quotes/zigman/304502 JP:5411 -5.80% ? /quotes/zigman/304509/quotes/nls/jfeef JFEEF +7.76% ?slumped 5.8%, also weighed by a profit outlook that missed expectations
Renesas Electronics Corp. /quotes/zigman/326601 JP:6723 -6.52% /quotes/zigman/593649/quotes/nls/rnecy RNECY +3.67% tumbled 6.5% after the Nikkei newspaper reported on Friday the company had firmed plans to shut down a chip foundry in Japan?s Yamagata prefecture.
Is there a bubble in equity markets?
Are recent U.S. stock prices running too far ahead of profit growth?
On the upside, shares of Fanuc Corp. /quotes/zigman/192770 JP:6954 +3.84% /quotes/zigman/527618/quotes/nls/fanuy FANUY +0.77% jumped 3.8% to rank among the few gainers, after the industrial automation firm reported better-than-forecast fiscal first-quarter results.
Shares of Telecommunications firm KDDI Corp. /quotes/zigman/139564 JP:9433 +0.78% /quotes/zigman/527466/quotes/nls/kddiy KDDIY -1.80% ?rose 0.8%, after the Nikkei newspaper reported was expected to post a record-high operating profit, helped in part by increased subscriptions for plans related to Apple Inc.?s /quotes/zigman/68270/quotes/nls/aapl AAPL +0.57% ?iPhone.
But Nomura Holdings Inc. /quotes/zigman/196701 JP:8604 -3.94% ? /quotes/zigman/296367/quotes/nls/nmr NMR -1.74% ?slid 3.9% in the downbeat market, even as the broker reported a sharp surge in quarterly profits from the year-ago period. The stock is still up more than 50% so far in 2013.
Meanwhile, official data released before the stock market?s open showed Japan?s retail sales climbed 1.6% in June from the year-ago month, though just short of forecasts.
Elsewhere in the region, the Shanghai Composite /quotes/zigman/1859015 CN:SHCOMP -1.57% fell 1.2%, after also dropping in the previous three days, and Hong Kong?s Hang Seng Index /quotes/zigman/2622475 HK:HSI -0.59% ?declined 0.5%.
The drop followed data from the National Bureau of Statistics over the weekend, showing that Chinese industrial profits rose 6.3% in June from the same month a year earlier. The increase compared with a 15.5% rise in profits in May, according to a Bloomberg report.
/quotes/zigman/1859015 SHCOMP 1,979.38, -31.47, -1.57%/quotes/zigman/627449 DJIA 15,558.83, +3.22, +0.02%
Year-to-date percentage changes
The Shanghai Composite underperforms the Dow Jones Industrial Average
Cr?dit Agricole strategist Dariusz Kowalczyk said the slowdown in profits fits the picture of weakening momentum in the economy, but it may also prompt policy action to support the government?s targeted economic growth of 7.5% for 2013.
?The weaker the numbers now, the stronger the government?s response will be to revive growth,? Kowalczyk said.
The drop in Chinese equities also came after Beijing ordered China?s National Audit Office to conduct an urgent review of overall public debt.
Banks and property developers suffered declines, with Bank of Communications Co. /quotes/zigman/34374 HK:3328 -1.75% ? /quotes/zigman/527616/quotes/nls/bcmxy BCMXY +0.52% ?or BoCom, losing 1.6%, and China Overseas Land & Investment Ltd. /quotes/zigman/13931 HK:688 -1.36% ? /quotes/zigman/527919/quotes/nls/caovy CAOVY +2.06% ?shed 0.7% in Hong Kong.
In Shanghai, BoCom /quotes/zigman/1875309 CN:601328 -1.33% ?fell 1.3%, and real-estate major Gemdale Corp. /quotes/zigman/1867160 CN:600383 -2.87% ?stumbled 2%.
Meanwhile, South Korea?s Kospi /quotes/zigman/1652118 KR:SEU -0.33% ?slipped 0.4%, while Australia?s S&P/ASX 200 /quotes/zigman/1653884 AU:XJO -0.09% ?rose 0.1% in choppy trade.
In Sydney, shares of Rio Tinto Ltd. /quotes/zigman/176317 AU:RIO -0.24% /quotes/zigman/182541/quotes/nls/rio RIO +0.58% ?rose 0.2% after the miner said it plans to sell its 80% stake in a copper-and-gold mine in Australia to China Molybdenum Co. /quotes/zigman/11762563 CN:603993 0.00% ?for $820 million.
However, shares of Evolution Mining Ltd. /quotes/zigman/7187583 AU:EVN -5.39% /quotes/zigman/7313817/quotes/nls/cahpf CAHPF +11.98% dropped 4.2% on the gold producer?s planed write-down on assets following a drop in the metal?s prices.
/quotes/zigman/5986735
JP : Nikkei Idx
Volume: 0.00
July 29, 2013 11:36a
/quotes/zigman/199438 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 5,960.00
-190.00 -3.09%
Volume: 6.86M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?21205.18 billion
Rev. per Employee?66.16M
/quotes/zigman/199376/quotes/nls/tm US : U.S.: NYSE
Volume: 616,729
July 26, 2013 4:06p
Market Cap$216.09 billion
Rev. per Employee$798,550
/quotes/zigman/193651 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 3,690.00
-100.00 -2.64%
Volume: 2.72M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?6865.31 billion
Rev. per Employee?48.95M
/quotes/zigman/193599/quotes/nls/hmc US : U.S.: NYSE
Volume: 402,912
July 26, 2013 4:02p
Rev. per Employee$590,867
/quotes/zigman/197500 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 2,059.00
-74.00 -3.47%
Volume: 6.39M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?2158.55 billion
/quotes/zigman/197524/quotes/nls/sne US : U.S.: NYSE
Volume: 1.73M
July 26, 2013 4:03p
/quotes/zigman/139194 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 6,360.00
-160.00 -2.45%
Volume: 5.70M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?7828.31 billion
Rev. per Employee?137.34M
/quotes/zigman/139200/quotes/nls/sftbf US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 3,836
July 26, 2013 3:58p
/quotes/zigman/4868099/sampled US : ICAP
Volume: 0.0000
July 28, 2013 11:46p
/quotes/zigman/4868097/sampled US : ICAP
130.0000
-0.3325 -0.2551%
Volume: 0.0000
July 28, 2013 11:46p
/quotes/zigman/198925 JP : Japan: Tokyo
Volume: 24.13M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?1962.01 billion
Rev. per Employee?28.14M
/quotes/zigman/529244/quotes/nls/tosyy US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 1,614
July 26, 2013 3:30p
/quotes/zigman/140130 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 3,430.00
-150.00 -4.19%
Volume: 2.12M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?7160.00 billion
Rev. per Employee?42.83M
/quotes/zigman/140138/quotes/nls/japaf US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 2,914
July 26, 2013 3:47p
/quotes/zigman/304502 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 2,226.00
-137.00 -5.80%
Volume: 4.18M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?1451.92 billion
Rev. per Employee?57.82M
/quotes/zigman/304509/quotes/nls/jfeef US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 400.00
July 16, 2013 10:13a
/quotes/zigman/326601 JP : Japan: Tokyo
Volume: 661,000
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?172.69 billion
Rev. per Employee?23.22M
/quotes/zigman/593649/quotes/nls/rnecy US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 157.00
July 9, 2013 3:07p
/quotes/zigman/192770 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 15,160.00
+560.00 +3.84%
Volume: 1.36M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?3496.82 billion
Rev. per Employee?88.76M
/quotes/zigman/527618/quotes/nls/fanuy US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 454,175
July 26, 2013 3:58p
/quotes/zigman/139564 JP : Japan: Tokyo
? 5,160.00
+40.00 +0.78%
Volume: 975,700
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?4592.45 billion
Rev. per Employee?180.96M
/quotes/zigman/527466/quotes/nls/kddiy US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 107,347
July 26, 2013 3:56p
/quotes/zigman/68270/quotes/nls/aapl US : U.S.: Nasdaq
Volume: 7.07M
July 26, 2013 4:00p
Market Cap$400.64 billion
/quotes/zigman/196701 JP : Japan: Tokyo
Volume: 28.00M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
Market Cap?3004.53 billion
Rev. per Employee?74.19M
/quotes/zigman/296367/quotes/nls/nmr US : U.S.: NYSE
Volume: 972,129
July 26, 2013 4:03p
Rev. per Employee$894,538
/quotes/zigman/1859015 CN : China: Shanghai
Volume: 42.86M
July 29, 2013 11:30a
/quotes/zigman/2622475 HK : HangSeng Ind
Volume: 0.00
July 29, 2013 11:31a
/quotes/zigman/34374 HK : Hong Kong
Volume: 10.67M
July 29, 2013 11:31a
Market CapHK$366.31 billion
Rev. per EmployeeHK$3.55M
/quotes/zigman/527616/quotes/nls/bcmxy US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 200.00
Feb. 19, 2013 4:41p
/quotes/zigman/13931 HK : Hong Kong
Volume: 5.10M
July 29, 2013 11:26a
Market CapHK$180.61 billion
Rev. per EmployeeHK$3.45M
/quotes/zigman/527919/quotes/nls/caovy US : U.S.: OTCBB
Volume: 361.00
July 26, 2013 2:37p
/quotes/zigman/1875309 CN : China: Shanghai
Source: http://feeds.marketwatch.com/~r/marketwatch/financial/~3/j9hyZyTW9WQ/story.asp
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